The Javascript ecosystem evolves quickly, and therefore whatever is written here is already out of date. However, there have emerged a few stable frameworks as of 2024. React is by far the most popular library for building front end applications, however it is not a framework and so NextJS fills that gap. Vue is another popular React like framework. AlpineJS is a simpler framework, and provides lightweight front end updates. It pairs well with server side rendering frameworks like LiveView.
Vanilla Javascript is also regaining popularity, for example You Might not need jQuery provides vanilla JS alternatives to common jQuery functionality.